The article examines religious persecution, in the United States and abroad, through the lens of an extreme result of persecution: martyrdom. It examines maximal and minimal definitions of martyrdom and recent claims and instances of martyrdom, both in United States law and political culture and against Christian and other religious groups around the world. The article concludes with some principles from which to discern an ethic of martyrdom and claims of martyrdom, recommending especially attention to the role of the martyr as witness.